Psychology 3301F 650 SU23
Clinical Psychology
If there is a discrepancy between the outline posted below and the outline posted on the OWL course website, the latter shall prevail.
WESTERN UNIVERSITY
LONDON CANADA
Department of Psychology
2023
Psychology 3301F Section 650
Clinical Psychology
- CALENDAR DESCRIPTION
This course offers a survey of major topics in clinical psychology, including assessment and intervention approaches; experimental psychopathology; ethical, professional and theoretical issues; and emerging trends.
Antirequisite: Psychology 2301A/B.
Antirequisites are courses that overlap sufficiently in content that only one can be taken for credit. So if you take a course that is an antirequisite to a course previously taken, you will lose credit for the earlier course, regardless of the grade achieved in the most recent course.
Prerequisite: Both Psychology 2801F/G and Psychology 2811A/B, or the former Psychology 2820E, or both the former Psychology 2800E and the former Psychology 2810, and one of Psychology 2310A/B or Psychology 2320A/B.
3 lecture hours; Course Weight: 0.5
Unless you have either the requisites for this course or written special permission from your Dean to enroll in it, you will be removed from this course and it will be deleted from your record. This decision may not be appealed. You will receive no adjustment to your fees in the event that you are dropped from a course for failing to have the necessary prerequisites.
2.0 COURSE INFORMATION
Instructor: Adam T. Newton, MSc, Lecturer
Office and Phone Number: Westminster Hall, Room 60K
Office Hours: Wednesdays 9AM to 11AM, by appointment
Email: anewton9@uwo.ca
Student meetings will be conducted via Zoom. In-person meetings are available, if necessary.
Time and Location of Classes: Online, Asynchronously (via OWL)
Delivery Type: Distance Studies/Online
Students who are in emotional/mental distress should refer to Health and Wellness @Western https://www.uwo.ca/health/ for a complete list of options about how to obtain help.
Please contact the course instructor if you require material in an alternate format or if you require any other arrangements to make this course more accessible to you. You may also contact Accessible Education at aew@uwo.ca or 519-661-2147.
2.1 Online Learning Notice:
Please note: For courses delivered in an online format, include an online component, or are required to pivot online, students must have a reliable internet connection and computer that are compatible with online learning system requirements. Some courses may also require the use of a remote proctoring platform to ensure assessments are taken fairly in accordance with Western’s policy on Scholastic Discipline for Undergraduate Students and Scholastic Discipline for Graduate Students. Please refer to the course syllabus for further information.
3.0 TEXTBOOK
Lee, C. M., & Hunsley, J. (2018). Introduction to Clinical Psychology: an Evidence-based Approach (4th ed.). Wiley.
ISBN: 978-1-119-40306-7
Note: additional readings (e.g., journal articles) may be assigned throughout the course. These readings will be available either through UWO Library Services or on OWL.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES & LEARNING OUTCOMES
This course will provide an overview of the field of clinical psychology covering:
- Definitions and history of clinical psychology
- Clinical psychology research methods
- Psychopathology and abnormal behaviour
- Clinical assessment including clinical diagnosis and the assessment of intelligence, personality and behaviour
- Intervention methods used by clinical psychologists
- A review of subspecialties within clinical psychology including health, neuropsychology, forensic, paediatric and child psychology
- Current professional issues and training in clinical psychology.
Lectures, online discussions, and assignments will complement material presented in the textbook. During the online discussion, the instructors will post questions to facilitate understanding of aspects related to the week’s topic.
After successfully completing this course, students should be able to:
Learning Outcome |
Learning Activity |
Assessment |
Depth and Breadth of Knowledge.
|
Readings
Lectures
Independent research of journal articles for written assignments
Participation |
Midterm & Final Exams
Essay Assignment
Participation |
Knowledge of Methodologies.
|
Readings Lectures Independent research of journal articles for written assignments Participation in class discussions |
Essay Assignment Participation Op-Ed Assignment Facilitated Discussion
|
Application of Knowledge.
|
Readings Independent research of journal articles for written assignments
Participation in class discussions |
Participation Essay Assignment Op-Ed Assignment Facilitated Discussion Midterm & Final Exams |
Communication Skills.
|
Participation in class discussions
Essay Assignment
Op-Ed Assignment Facilitated Discussion |
Participation
Essay Assignment
Op-Ed Assignment
Facilitated Discussion |
Awareness of Limits of Knowledge.
|
Readings
Lectures
Independent research of journal articles for written assignments |
Essay Assignment
Op-Ed Assignment
Facilitated Discussion
Participation |
Autonomy and Professional Capacity.
|
Participation in class discussions Essay Assignment Op-Ed Assignment Facilitated Discussion |
Essay Assignment Op-Ed Assignment Facilitated Discussion |
5.0 EVALUATION
The evaluation and testing formats for this course were created to assess the learning objectives as listed in section 4.0 and are considered necessary for meeting these learning objectives.
PARTICIPATION (12%)
Participation should be a natural extension of your preparation for class and demonstrate your knowledge and application of the course material. Each week will have at least one participation component connected to it. These components can include (but are not limited to): OWL forum discussions, non-graded quizzes, discussions of case studies, etc.
All participation activities will be hosted on OWL. Participation activities will open on Monday at 9:00 AM ET each week (Tuesdays on university holidays) and close on Friday at 11:55 PM each week.
Quality participation is a reflection of your mastery of required readings and reflected in thoughtful questioning, raising points/issues you encounter in the reading, and your involvement in the class.
Evaluation: A mark for class participation will be assigned for each class. You will receive feedback at least by the mid-term and again at the end of the course. Class participation will count for 12% of the course grade. You must participate in the week’s Participation Activity to receive a participation grade for that week, but listening to the lecture alone is not sufficient to receive full participation marks (see 5.1. Policy on Missing Course Work).
Weekly Participation is graded on the following scale:
Grade |
Description |
1.0 |
This grade will be assigned if any of the following are true:
AND all of the following are true:
|
0.5 |
This grade will be assigned if all of the following are true:
|
0.0 |
This grade will be assigned if any of the following are true:
|
OP-ED ASSIGNMENT (14%) & FACILITATED DISCUSSION (4%)
This assignment contains two connected components: (1) A written op-ed assignment worth 14% of your final grade and due on June 12, 2023 and (2) An online (OWL), forum-based facilitated discussion with part of the class (asynchronous), worth 4% of your final grade.
(1) Op-Ed Assignment (14%)
You will be required to submit a written op-ed on a topic in clinical psychology of your choice. The paper should follow the typical style of an op-ed (for a guide, see: https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/hks-communications-program/files/new_seglin_how_to_write_an_oped_1_25_17_7.pdf).
Your op-ed can be a maximum of 750 words long, excluding title page and references. You are to use APA formatting throughout the paper, reference section, and in-text citations; however, no abstract is required. The use of the first person (i.e., “I”) is allowed and encouraged for this assignment. However, refrain from disclosing personal experiences with mental health problems or other personal health-related information.
You are also permitted to write about the same issue/topic in your op-ed assignment, as you do for your Essay Assignment (described below).
A good op-ed will demonstrate application of your knowledge of clinical psychology, its current issues, and research, strong written communication skills, and the awareness of your own and the field of Clinical Psychology’s limits of knowledge. Strong op-ed papers have clearly defined arguments, are clearly written, are logical, and are engaging.
Evaluation. For this Op-Ed assignment, you will be graded on:
- Clarity of topic & theme
- Quality of demonstrated knowledge of the relevant research
- Adherence to APA style & formatting requirements
- Demonstrated critical and logical thinking
- Quality of writing & communication style
(2) Facilitated Discussion (4%)
You will be required to lead a short, typed discussion on your topic and op-ed (asynchronous). This discussion will take place via OWL and will be scheduled for a week of class, scheduled between June 19th to July 17th.
On an OWL forum, you are required to provide a brief overview of your op-ed and its main arguments and to pose at least 3 questions to ask the class to facilitate this discussion. You should also be prepared with some relevant background knowledge about your questions (such as relevant research you included in your op-ed) to encourage conversation. In addition to the original forum post, you are required to reply to at least two classmate comments by furthering the conversation (e.g., asking a follow-up question, providing additional context based on the classmate’s response).
Participating in your classmates Facilitated Discussions can count as your Participation for the week, provided your contribution meets the criteria for a Participation grade (Evaluation: Participation).
Refrain from disclosing personal experiences with mental health problems or other personal health-related information.
The date of your Facilitated Discussion will be assigned via OWL after the Op-Ed Assignment deadline.
Evaluation. For this Facilitated Discussion, you will be graded on:
- The quality of your prepared questions
- Demonstrated respectful communication with classmates
- Clarity of typed communication
- Demonstrated critical thinking
ESSAY ASSIGNMENT (25%)
You will be required to submit a paper that reviews a topic in clinical psychology of your choice. The paper should follow an essay format, which means it should contain an introduction with a thesis statement, a main body detailing the research and references to support the statement, and a summarizing conclusion. Your paper can be a maximum of 10 pages long, excluding title page and references (1 inch margins, double spaced, 12-point font).
You will review empirical research and theory related to your chosen topic. You must cite at least 10 empirical journal articles or book chapters in your paper. Many psychology journals can be accessed online through Western Libraries, and your course textbook has a list of major journals relevant to clinical psychology that you may find useful. Format your paper, references, and in text citations according to APA style (7th ed): these guidelines are available online through Western Libraries under “Publication manual of the American Psychological Association.” The overall format of your paper should follow the APA style guidelines, but you do not need to include an abstract.
Some suggested journal sources:
American Psychologist
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
British Journal of Clinical Psychology
British Medical Journal
Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
Clinical Psychology Review
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Development and Psychopathology
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Journal of Child Clinical Psychology
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Journal of Clinical Psychology
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Journal of Pediatric Psychology
Journal of the American Medical Association: Psychiatry
Journal of Pediatrics
Psychological Assessment
Psychological Bulletin
A good paper demonstrates evidence of critical thinking and discussion. Therefore, a good paper is not only a summary of the findings and opinions of others. Critical thinking involves comparison and contrast of related points from different sources, or discussion of the strengths and weakness of arguments, evidence, and theory. In order to incorporate critical discussion in your paper, you may wish to choose a topic in clinical psychology where there is conflicting evidence, different theories, or different expert opinions. You should also choose a topic that you can cover in sufficient detail in 12 pages. If you find that your topic of interest is too broad, you may choose a narrower or more specific issue within this topic for your paper. Conversely, if you can find almost nothing in the empirical literature on clinical psychology to address your topic of interest, you should choose a different area or expand your focus.
Note: you must upload your written assignments in a format that can be read by others. A *.docx (Microsoft Word format), *.rtf (rich text format) or *.PDF (portable document format) is recommended.
Evaluation.
Papers will be graded based on:
1) Accuracy and clear understanding of the research and relevant surrounding issues
2) Critical evaluation and discussion of the empirical research
3) Organization and logic in the presentation of points and discussion, and overall writing style
4) Quality and relevance of references selected for the paper
5) Overall quality and sophistication of ideas
EXAMS
MIDTERM EXAM (20%)
The Midterm Exam will cover all material from lectures 1-6 & assigned readings (textbook chapters, journal articles). Your mark on the Midterm Exam is worth 20% of your final grade.
Date: June 24, 2023
Start Time: 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM
Duration: 2 hours
Location: Online via Protortrack
FINAL EXAM (25%)
The Final Exam is non-cumulative and will cover lectures 7-12 & assigned readings (textbook chapters, journal articles). Your mark on the Final Exam is worth 25% of your final grade.
This exam will be scheduled by the registrar’s office and will be held online via Protortrack.
5.1 POLICY ON MISSING COURSEWORK
Participation
You must complete the Participation Activity for the week to earn a participation mark for that week. If you are not able to complete the Participation Activity for the week, you are required to seek academic consideration from your faculty academic counselling office. In these cases, you are required to complete a make-up participation assignment from the instructor to receive a participation mark for that week.
Op-Ed Assignment
The Op-Ed Assignment is due on Monday June 12, 2023, at 11:55 PM. Op-Ed Assignments that are not submitted by this deadline will receive a grade of zero. If you receive academic considerations from your faculty academic counselling office (e.g., due to illness), that extension will vary.
Facilitated Discussion
If you do not attend your scheduled Facilitated Discussion date without academic considerations from your faculty academic counselling office, you will receive a grade of zero for this component. If you have received an accommodation, please contact the instructor and your Facilitated Discussion will be rescheduled.
Essay Assignment
The essay is due on Friday, June 21, 2023, at 11:59 PM. Essays that are not submitted by this deadline will receive a grade of zero. If you receive academic considerations from your faculty academic counselling office (e.g., due to illness), that extension will vary.
Midterm & Final Exam
If you are unable to write an exam at the scheduled time, you must receive permission to write a make-up exam from your faculty by submitting documentation to your faculty academic counselling office to receive academic considerations. A student who misses an exam without permission from their faculty will be assigned a grade of zero for the exam.
PLEASE NOTE: Because this is an essay course, as per Senate Regulations, you must pass the essay components to pass the course. That is, the average mark for your written assignments (i.e., the average of your Op-Ed Assignment & Essay Assignment) must be at least 50%.
This course is exempt from the Senate requirement that students receive assessment of their work accounting for at least 15% of their final grade at least three full days before the date of the deadline for withdrawal from a course without academic penalty.
The expectation for course grades within the Psychology Department is that they will be distributed around the following averages:
70% 1000-level to 2099-level courses
72% 2100-2999-level courses
75% 3000-level courses
80% 4000-level courses
The Psychology Department follows Western’s grading guidelines, which are as follows (see: http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/general/grades_undergrad.pdf)
A+ 90-100 One could scarcely expect better from a student at this level
A 80-89 Superior work that is clearly above average
B 70-79 Good work, meeting all requirements, and eminently satisfactory
C 60-69 Competent work, meeting requirements
D 50-59 Fair work, minimally acceptable
F below 50 Fail
Note that in the event that course grades are significantly higher or lower than these averages, instructors may be required to make adjustments to course grades. Such adjustment might include the normalization of one or more course components and/or the re-weighting of various course components.
Policy on Grade Rounding: Please note that although course grades within the Psychology Department are rounded to the nearest whole number, no further grade rounding will be done. No additional assignments will be offered to enhance a final grade; nor will requests to change a grade because it is needed for a future program be considered. To maximize your grade, do your best on each and every assessment within the course.
6.0 ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION SCHEDULE
Evaluation |
Dates/Deadlines |
Grading Weight |
Participation |
Each week |
12% |
Op-Ed Assignment |
June 12, 2023 |
14% |
Facilitated Discussion |
To be assigned |
4% |
Essay Assignment |
July 21, 2023 |
25% |
Midterm Exam |
Saturday June 24, 2023 |
20% |
Final Exam |
To be scheduled during the final exam period |
25% |
7.0 CLASS SCHEDULE
Week |
Date |
Topics |
Text chapters |
1 |
May 8 |
What is Clinical Psychology? History of Clinical Psychology |
Ch 1 Ch 2 (pp 27-43 only) |
2 |
May 15 |
Research Methods in Clinical Psychology Classification and Diagnosis
|
Ch 4 Ch 3 |
3 |
May 22 |
Overview of Major Theoretical Models in Psychology Assessment: Overview |
Ch 5 Online articles (see OWL) |
4 |
May 29 |
Assessment: Interviewing & Observation Assessment: Self-Report and Projective Measures |
|
Ch 6 Ch 8 |
|||
5 |
June 5 |
Assessment: Intellectual and Cognitive Measures
|
Ch 7
|
6 |
June 12 |
Assessment: Integration and Clinical Decision-Making Op-Ed Assignment Due on OWL |
Ch 9 |
7 |
June 19 |
Prevention Review for Midterm Exam |
Ch 10 Review materials from previous lectures |
|
June 24 |
MIDTERM Start Time: 1PM Duration: 2 hours Location: Online |
|
8 |
June 26 |
Intervention: Overview Intervention: Adults and Couples
|
Ch 11 Ch 12 |
9 |
July 3 |
Intervention: Children and Adolescents & Pediatric Psychology
|
Ch 13 |
10 |
July 10 |
Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change |
Ch 14 |
11 |
July 17 |
Recent Advances, Issues, and Trends in Clinical Psychology
Health, Neuropsychology & Forensic Psychology
|
Online articles (see OWL)
Ch 15 |
|
July 21 |
Essay Assignment Due on OWL |
|
12 |
July 24 |
Becoming a Clinical Psychologist
Review for Final Exam |
Ch 2 (pp 43-47 only) Appendix 2
Review materials from previous lecture |
|
July 31 – August 3 |
Final Exam as Scheduled |
|
8.0 LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge that Western University is located on the traditional lands of the Anishinaabek, Haudenosaunee, Lūnaapéewak and Attawandaron peoples, on lands connected with the London Township and Sombra Treaties of 1796 and the Dish with One Spoon Covenant Wampum.
With this, we respect the longstanding relationships that Indigenous Nations have to this land, as they are the original caretakers. We acknowledge historical and ongoing injustices that Indigenous Peoples (e.g. First Nations, Métis and Inuit) endure in Canada, and we accept responsibility as a public institution to contribute toward revealing and correcting miseducation, as well as renewing respectful relationships with Indigenous communities through our teaching, research and community service.
9.0 STATEMENT ON ACADEMIC OFFENCES
Students are responsible for understanding the nature and avoiding the occurrence of plagiarism and other scholastic offences. Plagiarism and cheating are considered very serious offences because they undermine the integrity of research and education. Actions constituting a scholastic offence are described at the following link: http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/scholastic_discipline_undergrad.pdf
As of Sept. 1, 2009, the Department of Psychology will take the following steps to detect scholastic offences. All multiple-choice tests and exams will be checked for similarities in the pattern of responses using reliable software, and records will be made of student seating locations in all tests and exams. All written assignments will be submitted to TurnItIn, a service designed to detect and deter plagiarism by comparing written material to over 5 billion pages of content located on the Internet or in TurnItIn’s databases. All papers submitted for such checking will be included as source documents in the reference database for the purpose of detecting plagiarism of papers subsequently submitted to the system. Use of the service is subject to the licensing agreement, currently between Western and Turnitin.com (http://www.turnitin.com).
Computer-marked multiple-choice tests and/or exams will be subject to submission for similarity review by software that will check for unusual coincidences in answer patterns that may indicate cheating.
In classes that involve the use of a personal response system (PRS), data collected using the PRS will only be used in a manner consistent to that described in this outline. It is the instructor’s responsibility to make every effort to ensure that data remain confidential. However, students should be aware that as with all forms of electronic communication, privacy is not guaranteed. Your PRS login credentials are for your sole use only. Students attempting to use another student’s credentials to submit data through the PRS may be subject to academic misconduct proceedings.
Possible penalties for a scholastic offence include failure of the assignment/exam, failure of the course, suspension from the University, and expulsion from the University.
10.0 POLICY ON THE USE OF EXAM PROCTORING SOFTWARE
Tests and examinations for online courses will be conducted using a remote proctoring service. By taking this course, you are consenting to the use of this software and acknowledge that you will be required to provide personal information (including some biometric data) and the session will be recorded. Completion of this course will require you to have a reliable internet connection and a device that meets the technical requirements for this service. More information about this remote proctoring service, including technical requirements, is available on Western’s Remote Proctoring website at: https://remoteproctoring.uwo.ca.
In the event that in-person exams are unexpectedly canceled, you may only be given notice of the use of a proctoring service a short time in advance.
11.0 POLICY ON ACCOMMODATION FOR ILLNESS OR OTHER ABSENCES
Western’s policy on Accommodation for Medical Illness can be found at:
https://www.westerncalendar.uwo.ca/PolicyPages.cfm?PolicyCategoryID=1&Command=showCategory&SelectedCalendar=Live&ArchiveID=#Page_12
If you experience an extenuating circumstance (e.g., illness, injury) sufficiently significant to temporarily make you unable to meet academic requirements, you may request accommodation through the following routes:
- For medical absences, submitting a Student Medical Certificate (SMC) signed by a licensed medical or mental health practitioner in order to be eligible for Academic Consideration;
- For non-medical absences, submitting appropriate documentation (e.g., obituary, police report, accident report, court order, etc.) to Academic Counselling in their Faculty of registration in order to be eligible for academic consideration. Students are encouraged to contact their Academic Counselling unit to clarify what documentation is appropriate.
Students must see the Academic Counsellor and submit all required documentation in order to be approved for certain accommodation.
https://www.registrar.uwo.ca/faculty_academic_counselling.html
Students seeking academic consideration:
- are advised to consider carefully the implications of postponing tests or midterm exams or delaying handing in work;
- must communicate with their instructors no later than 24 hours after the end of the period covered SMC, or immediately upon their return following a documented absence
Students seeking accommodation for religious purposes are advised to contact Academic Counselling at least three weeks prior to the religious event and as soon as possible after the start of the term.
12.0 CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR RETURN TO LOCKDOWN: IN-PERSON & BLENDED CLASSES
As this is an asynchronous, online course, there will be no changes to the delivery or evaluation of this course in the event of a COVID-19 resurgence or any other event that necessitates the course delivery moving away from face-to-face interaction.
13.0 STATEMENTS CONCERNING ONLINE ETIQUETTE
In courses involving online interactions, the Psychology Department expects students to honour the following rules of etiquette:
- please “arrive” to class on time
- please use your computer and/or laptop if possible (as opposed to a cell phone or tablet)
- please ensure that you are in a private location to protect the confidentiality of discussions in the event that a class discussion deals with sensitive or personal material
- to minimize background noise, kindly mute your microphone for the entire class until you are invited to speak, unless directed otherwise
- In classes larger than 30 participants please turn off your video camera for the entire class unless you are invited to speak
- In classes of 30 students or fewer, where video chat procedures are being used, please be prepared to turn your video camera off at the instructor’s request if the internet connection becomes unstable
- Unless invited by your instructor, do not share your screen in the meeting
The course instructor will act as moderator for the class and will deal with any questions from participants. To participate please consider the following:
- If you wish to speak, use the “raise hand” function and wait for the instructor to acknowledge you before beginning your comment or question.
- Please remember to unmute your microphone and turn on your video camera before speaking.
- Self-identify when speaking.
- Please remember to mute your mic and turn off your video camera after speaking (unless directed otherwise).
General considerations of “netiquette”:
- Keep in mind the different cultural and linguistic backgrounds of the students in the course.
- Be courteous toward the instructor, your colleagues, and authors whose work you are discussing.
- Be respectful of the diversity of viewpoints that you will encounter in the class and in your readings. The exchange of diverse ideas and opinions is part of the scholarly environment. “Flaming” is never appropriate.
- Be professional and scholarly in all online postings. Use proper grammar and spelling. Cite the ideas of others appropriately.
Note that disruptive behaviour of any type during online classes, including inappropriate use of the chat function, is unacceptable. Students found guilty of Zoom-bombing a class or of other serious online offenses may be subject to disciplinary measures under the Code of Student Conduct.
14.0 OTHER INFORMATION
Office of the Registrar: https://registrar.uwo.ca
Student Development Services: www.sdc.uwo.ca
Psychology Undergraduate Program: https://www.psychology.uwo.ca/undergraduate/index.html
If you wish to appeal a grade, please read the policy documentation at: https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/appealsundergrad.pdf
Please first contact the course instructor. If your issue is not resolved, you may make your appeal to the Undergraduate Chair in Psychology (psyugrd@uwo.ca).
Copyright Statement: Lectures and course materials, including power point presentations, outlines, videos and similar materials, are protected by copyright. You may take notes and make copies of course materials for your own educational use. You may not record lectures, reproduce (or allow others to reproduce), post or distribute any course materials publicly and/or for commercial purposes without the instructor’s written consent.
Policy on the Recording of Synchronous Sessions: Some or all of the remote learning sessions for this course (if scheduled) may be recorded. The data captured during these recordings may include your image, voice recordings, chat logs and personal identifiers (name displayed on the screen). The recordings will be used for educational purposes related to this course, including evaluations. The recordings may be disclosed to other individuals participating in the course for their private or group study purposes. Please contact the instructor if you have any concerns related to session recordings. Participants in this course are not permitted to privately record the sessions, except where recording is an approved accommodation, or the student has the prior written permission of the instructor.